COST OF CAPITAL (BASIC EVALUATION MODELS) NOTES
6.0 Introduction
One of the key components of capital budgeting decision is the cost of
capital. Capital is the term for fund that firm uses. Capital can be
raised from creditors and owners. To properly evaluate potential
investment firms must know how much their capital cost. The cost of
capital is the compensation investor’s demand from the firm that uses
their fund. It refers to the minimum rate of return required by the
firm’s investors. It is the weighted average of the minimum rate of return required by investors in common equity capital, preference share capital and long term debt. It is a combined cost.
6.1 The component cost of capital
1.The cost of equity capital
This is the minimum rate of return required by investors in common
equity capital. It is the minimum rate of return required on all
projects financed by common equity capital so as to maintain the market value of the shares at the
current level. It is the discount rate that equates the present value of
the expected divided to the current price of the shares.
If the preference shares are selling at a discount or premium, the shot
cut method used in calculating the before tax cost of debt issued at a
discount of premium can be applied to calculate the cost of preference
capital.
- Cost of debt
This is the minimum rate of return required by the providers of debt
finance. It is the discount rate that equates the present value of cash
inflows expected from the debt instrument to the current market price of
the debt security.
If the bonds are selling at par, the before tax cost of debt (kd) would
simply be equal to the coupon rate.
Redeemable Bond/ Debt
BO=INTPVAFnyrs, kd+ BnPVFnyrs, kd
Where BO, present value of the bonds
INT, amount of interest paid each year
N, number of years to maturity of the bonds
Bn, redemption value of the bond after n years
kd, cost of debt
- If the bonds are selling at par, the before tax cost would simply
be equal to the coupon rate. - If the bonds are selling at a discount or premium, the before tax
cost (kd) would be determined through trial and error method.
Bond Valuation and Yield on a Bond
What is a bond?
A bond is an “I owe you” (IOU). It is a promise by a borrower to a
lender to pay a stated rate of interest for a defined period and then
repay the principle at the specific maturity date. Bonds are referred to
as senior debts because they take procedure over junior debts due to
their legal obligations. Junior debts include general creditors.
General Features of Bonds
Bond interest: – usually paid semi-annually but for some it may be
annual. It is also referred to as coupon rate
Coupon rate: – interest paid on the face value of the bond. Zero coupon
bonds don’t pay serialized interest.
Yield: – the rate of return on the bond which largely depends on risk.
Market value: – the prevailing price of a bond which could be equal
higher or lower than the face value. If selling lower it is said to be
selling at discount and if higher it is said to be selling at a premium.
An indenture: – the agreement between the bond holder and the issuer.
Call provision: – a provision on the indenture for the issuer to redeem
the bond at a specified amount before the maturity date.
Yield on a Bond
The yield on a bond should reflect the coupon interest that will be
earned plus any plus any capital gain or loss realized from holding the
bond to maturity. The yield to maturity(YTM)
is therefore the formally accepted measure of return/yield on a bond. It
is the interest rate that equates the present value of cash flow from a
bond to the bonds market price. Alternatively it’s the bond’s interest
rate of return (bond’s IRR). It is found by solving for ‘y’ m the
following mathematical expression
The IRR (YTM) of a bond is calculated using a trial and error process
whose steps are as follows:
- Select an arbitrary interest rate and use it to calculate the
present value of the cash flow from the bond. - If the present value of the cash flow equals the price of the bond,
the arbitrary interest selected in step 1 is the bond’s YTM. - If the present value is higher than the price of the value select a
higher interest rate and if the present value is less than the
price, select a lower interest rate. Continue this process until the
present value equals the bonds price. - Use linear interpolation to get an exact rate of interest.
6.2 Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)
This is the weighted average of the cost of equity capital, cost of
preference capital and cost of debt. It is the cost of funds already
raised by the firm to finance its existing projects. It is therefore a
historical cost.
Procedure for calculation of the WACC
Compute the components cost or the costs of the specific sources of funds
- Determine the proportion or weight of each capital component in the
capital structure. This is done by dividing the amounts of funds
raised from each source by the total of the long term funds. - Multiply the weight of each capital component by its cost. This
gives a weighted component cost. - All the weighted component costs are added together. Their total is
the firms weighted average cost of capital.
What is Marginal Cost of Capital (MCC)
This is the cost of raising additional or incremental new funds to
finance new projects. It is therefore a future cost. It is the weighted
average of the additional capital. Marginal weights are used to
calculate the marginal cost of capital. Marginal weights are the
proportions of the capital components in the optimal capital structure.
The optimal capital structure is that long term capital mix that the
firm intends to maintain in the long run. It is the long term capital
mix that minimizes the firm’s cost of capital and maximizes the value of
the firm.
