ORGANIZATIONAL ASSESSMENT AND HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING NOTES
*1.0 Introduction
At one time in history, “Liking people” appeared to be sufficient for
choosing to work in the field of known as “Human Resources (or
Personnel) Management. Preferring to work with humans rather than
objects is still important; but it is grossly insufficient in these
modern times. Human Resource Management one of our most complex and
challenging fields of endeavor. Not only the firm’s requirements for an
effective work force be met, the human resource manager must be greatly
concerned with the expectations of both employees and society in
general. Society at large has proclaimed it human resources to have
vital needs that move beyond a ‘work
force’ status. The employee is simultaneously an instrument of the firm,
a human being, and a citizen.
In this first lesson of the course, we discuss the definition of human
resource management, and look closely at the major components of the
definition. We also discuss the major challenges facing the modern human
resource manager.
Definition of Human Resource Management
It is appropriate to offer at the beginning of the discussion a
definition of the subject to be covered. Gary Dessler (1997) defines
human resource management as the policies and practices that you need to
carry out the “people” or personnel aspects of your management job.
These aspects include:
- Conducting job analyses (determining the nature of each employee’s job)
- Planning labour needs and recruiting job candidates.
- Selecting job candidates
- Orienting and training new employees
- Managing wages and salaries (how to compensate employees)
- Providing incentives and benefits.
- Appraising performance
- Communicating (interviewing, counseling, disciplining) and safety
policy. - Implementing the organizations safety policy
- Training and developing
- Planning and developing
- Planning for the effects of change on staff.
- Building employee commitment and creating conditions for high morale.
- Implementing grievance and disciplinary machinery
- Negotiating with employee representatives.
A more detailed definition of human resource management is presented by
Edwin Flippo (1984), and we will use that definition to present an
outline of this entire module. In the first place, we are dealing with
two categories of functions, managerial and operative.
A manager is one who exercises authority and leadership over other personnel; the president of a firm is certainly a manager,
and so also is the department head or supervisor. On the other hand, an
operative is one who has no authority over others but has been given a
specific task or duty to perform under managerial supervision. Thus, the
human resource manager is a manager and as such must perform the basic
function. Yet a comprehensive definition of human resource management
much include also the operative functions in the field. In outline form,
the definition would appear as follow:
Management and Operative Functions:
- Management functions
- Planning
- Organizing
- Directing
- Controlling
- Operative functions
- Procurement
- Development
- Integration
- Maintenance
- Separation
Human resource management therefore can be defined as the planning,
organizing, directing and controlling of the procurement, development,
compensation, maintenance and separation of human resources to the end
that individual, organizational and societal objectives are
accomplished. A brief elaboration of the component parts of this
definition follows.
Planning:
Effective managers realize that a substantial portion of their
time should be devoted to planning. For the human resource manager,
planning means the determination in advance of a human resource program
that will contribute to goals establishment will involve the active and
enlightened participation of the human resource manager, with his or her
expertise in the area of human resources.
Organizing:
After a course of action has been determined, an
organization must be established to carry it out. An organization is a
means to an end. Once it has been determined that certain human resource
functions contribute toward the firm’s objectives, the human resource
manager must form an organization by designing the structure of
relationships among jobs, human resource and physical and physical
factors. One must be aware of the complex relationship that exists
between the specialized unit and the rest of the organization. Because
of increasing expertise in this function, much top management are
looking to the human resource manager for advice in the general
organization of the enterprise.
Directing:
At least in theory, we now have a plan and an organization to
execute that plan. It might appear that the next logical function would
be that of operation, doing the job. But it has been found that a
“starter” function is becoming increasingly necessary. In our above
definition this function was labeled “direction”, but it may be called
by other names, such as “motivation”, “actuation”, or “command”. At any
rate a considerable number of difficulties are involved in getting
people to go to work willingly and effectively.
Controlling:
Now, at last, the human resource functions are being
performed. But what is the management duty at this point? It is logical
that its functions should be that of control that is the observation of
action and its comparison with plans and the correction of any
deviations that may occur, or at times, the realignment of plans and
their adjustment to unchangeable deviations. Control is the managerial
function concerned with regulating activities in accordance with the
personnel plan, which in turn was formulated on the basis of an analysis
of fundamental organization goals.
Procurement:
This first operative function of human resource management
is concerned with obtaining of the proper kind and number of personnel
necessary to accomplish organization goals. It deals specifically with
such subjects as the determination of human resources requirements and
their recruitment, selection and placements. The determination of human
resource required must rest upon a prior design of job duties, a
decision that is increasingly being affected by the human resource
manager’s objective of meeting human society’s requirements often
affects procurement programs in the forms of affirmative action and
equal opportunity. The actual hiring process entails a multitude of
activities designed to screen personnel, such as reviewing application
forms, psychological testing, checking references and conducting interviews.
Development:
After personnel have been obtained, they must be to some
degree developed. Development has to do with the increase of skill,
through training, that is necessary for proper job performance. This is
an activity of very great importance and will continue to grow because
of the changes in technology, the realignment of jobs and the increasing
complexity of the managerial task.
Compensation:
This function is defined as the adequate and equitable
remuneration of personnel for their contributions to organization
objectives. Though some recent morale surveys have tended to minimize
the importance of monetary income to employees, we nevertheless contend
that compensation is one of the most important resource management. In
dealing with this subject, we shall only economic compensation. Psychic
income is classified elsewhere. The basic elements of a compensation
program have emphasis upon such subjects as job evaluation, wage
policies, wages systems and come of the recently devised extra
compensation plans.
Integration:
With the employee procured, developed and reasonably
compensated, there follows one of the most difficult and frustrating
challenges to management. The definition labels this problem
“integration”. It is concerned with the attempt to effect a reasonable
reconciliation of individual, societal and organizational interest. It
rests upon a foundation of belief that significant overlapping of
interests so exist in our society. Consequently, we must deal with the
feelings and attitudes of personnel in conjunction with the principles
and policies of organizations.
Maintenance:
If we have executed the foregoing functions well, we now
have a wiling and able work force. Maintenance is concerned with the
perpetuation of this state. The maintenance of willingness is heavily
affected by communications with employees. The physical condition of the
employees should also be maintained.
Separation:
If the first function of human resource management is to
secure the employee, it is logical that the last should be the
separation and return of that person to society. Most people so not die
on the job. The organization is responsible for meeting certain
requirements of due process in separation, as well as assuring that the
returned citizen is in good shape as possible. Types of separation are
as retirement, layoff, out-placement and discharge.
The purpose of all the activity outlined above, both managerial and
operative, is to assist in the accomplishment of basic objectives.
Consequently, the starting point of human resource management, as of all
management must be a specification of those
objectives and a determination of the sub-objectives of the human
resource function. The expenditure of all funds in the personnel area
can be justified only insofar as there is a net contribution toward
basic goals. For the most part these are goals of the particular
organization concerned. But as suggested earlier, society is tending to
impose human goals upon the private business enterprise, goals that may
or may not make an immediate contribution to an organization’s
particular objective.
The Role of the Human Resource Manager
Every organization has a human resource function, whether or not a
specific human resource manager has been so designated. Every
organization must hire, train, motivate, maintain and ultimately
separate employees. If a specialized human resource manager exists he or
she can contribute much to greater organizational effectiveness. In the
past assignment to this function often constituted a one-way ticket to
oblivion. But today, the increasingly critical nature of problems and
challenges in the more effective utilization of human resources has
greatly elevated the status of the field. Most expert agree that there
are five basic functions all managers perform: planning, organizing,
staffing, leading and controlling. In the total these functions
represent the management process.
Challenges of Modern Human Resource Management
We need not look far to discover challenging problems in the field of
human resource management. Managers may ignore or attempt to bury human
resource problems, but these will not lie dormant because of the very
nature of the problem component. Many problems are caused by constant
changes that occur both within and without the firm
Among the many major changes
that are occurring, the following will illustrate the nature of the
human resource challenges.
- Changing mix of the work force
- Changing personal values of the work force.
- Changing expectations of citizen-employees.
- Changing levels of productivity.
*1.4.1 Changing mix of the work force
Through each person is unique and consequently presents a challenge to
our general understanding. One can also appreciate broader problems by
categorizing personnel to delineate and highlight trends. Among the
major changes in the mix of personnel entering the work force are:
- Increased numbers of minority members entering occupations requiring
greater skills. - Increasing levels of formal education for the entire work force.
- More female employees.
- More married female employees.
- More working mothers
- A steady increasing majority of white-collar employees in place of
the blue-collar.
The challenge has had much to do with many of the above-listed changes.
Prohibition of discrimination and requirements for positive action to
redress imbalances in work force mix have led to greater numbers of
minority personnel being hired for all types of jobs.
Changing personal values of the work force
The changing mix of the work force inevitably leads to introduction of
new values to organizations. In the past and continuing into the
present, the work force has been heavily imbued with a set of values
generally characterized by the term “work ethic”. Work is regarded as
having spiritual meaning, buttressed by such behavioural norms as
punctuality, honesty, diligence and frugality. One’s job is a central
life interest and provides the dominant clue I interpersonal assessment.
A work force with this set of values is highly adapted to use by
business organizations in their pursuit of the values of productivity
efficiency and effectiveness.
There is growing evidence that the work is declining in favor of a more
existential view of life. Instead of organizations providing the basic
guides to living persons are responsible for exploring and determining
for themselves what they want to do and become. With this philosophy,
work becomes only one alternative among many as a means for becoming a
whole person in order to do one’s own thing”. Family activities,
leisure, avocations and assignments in government churches and schools
are equally viable means through which a person can find meaning and
become self-actualized. The absolute worth of the individual is a value
which is merged with the concept that all people are members of the
great human family. Concerning specifics, full employment gives way to
the full life.
Climbing the organization ladder of success for its accompanying
materialistic symbols becomes less important than self-expression
through a creative accomplishment. Private lives outside the job and
firm are relatively autonomous, accompanied by an increasing reluctance
to sacrifice oneself or one’s family for the good of the organization.
Quality of life is preferred to quantity, equity to efficiency,
diversity to conformity and the individual to the organization. With
respect to an increasing emphasis upon the individual as compared with
the organization, a number of changes in personnel programs have been
tried. Attempts have been made to redesign
jobs to provide challenging activities that needs of the human ego.
*1.4.3: Changing expectations of Citizen-employees.
There are increasing signs that external rights of citizenship are
penetrating the boundaries of business enterprises in the interest of
improving the quality of work life. Two prominent illustrations are:
- Freedom of speech and
- The right to privacy.
Should employees be allowed to speak up and criticize the organization’s
management and its products without jeopardizing their job security? In
public organizations, this right of “whistle blowing” is fairly well
protected.
*1.4.4: Changing levels of productivity
Perhaps the most serious current problem facing all mangers, not just
human resource managers, is the declining productivity of the economy.
Up until the 1960’s the typical annual increase in production was
approximately 3 percent. This figure was even placed as a guaranteed
base for increasing employee income. In the last two decades, the level
of productivity has fallen markedly.
