1.Heredity– Determines the rate of growth and maturation, bone age ,height and others.

2.Nutrition– Should be balanced and sufficient otherwise will lead to stunted growth , kwashiorkor, rickets ,marasmus obesity and others.

3.Diseases — Prolonged illness interferes with steady growth.

4.Child rearing practices.

5.Stress — Affects hormonal secretions causing physical dwarfism.